A: The cervix is the opening between the vagina and the uterus. Abnormal cell growth which spreads below the surface of the cervix, or to other tissues or organs, is called cervical cancer. This differs from carcinomas found on the surface of the cervix. Surface carcinomas and other cervical lesions are, however, often precursors to cervical cancer. Most cases of cervical cancer are caused by the human papillomavirus (HPV). HPV is a virus that is passed on through sexual contact. Most women with HPV do not develop cervical cancer, but smoking, being HIV-positive, and having multiple sexual partners can increase your risk.
Pelvic exams and pap smears can detect surface changes caused by HPV before cervical cancer develops. The American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists’ guidelines say that women over 21 should be screened every two years. For women over 30 who have had three normal pap smears in a row, the guidelines suggest having a pap smear every three years. If your immune system is compromised due to HIV, long-term steroid use or an organ transplant, your doctor might suggest earlier or more frequent pap smears. The outlook for women whose cervical cancer is at a very early stage is excellent; therefore it is important for women to have regular pap smears.
